44.如何理解鞏固和完善農村基本經營制度？
《中共中央關于進(jin)一步全面(mian)深化改革、推進(jin)中國(guo)式現代化的(de)決(jue)定》提(ti)出：“鞏(gong)固和完善農(nong)村(cun)基(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)。”這(zhe)對堅持農(nong)村(cun)基(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)前提(ti)下，順應農(nong)業農(nong)村(cun)現代化需要，不斷完善并賦予經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)體制(zhi)新的(de)內涵和長久制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)活(huo)力(li)，提(ti)出了明(ming)確要求。以家庭承包經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)為基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)、統分結合(he)的(de)雙層(ceng)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)體制(zhi)，是我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)村(cun)基(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)，是我(wo)們黨的(de)農(nong)村(cun)政策的(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)石。改革開放(fang)以來的(de)實踐充(chong)分證明(ming)，農(nong)村(cun)基(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)符合(he)我(wo)國(guo)國(guo)情(qing)農(nong)情(qing)實際，適應社會主(zhu)義市場經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟發展要求，極大(da)(da)解(jie)放(fang)和發展了農(nong)村(cun)社會生產力(li)，受(shou)到(dao)廣大(da)(da)農(nong)民(min)的(de)擁(yong)護歡迎。鞏(gong)固和完善農(nong)村(cun)基(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)，主(zhu)要需把握好(hao)4個方面(mian)。
第(di)一(yi)，穩(wen)(wen)定農(nong)村(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)。從安徽小(xiao)崗村(cun)實行“大(da)包(bao)(bao)(bao)干”開始(shi)，我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)村(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)陸續開始(shi)第(di)一(yi)輪(lun)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)，承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)期(qi)一(yi)般為15年(nian)(nian)。1993年(nian)(nian)，中(zhong)央(yang)明確第(di)一(yi)輪(lun)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)到(dao)期(qi)之后，再延(yan)(yan)長(chang)(chang)(chang)30年(nian)(nian)不(bu)變(bian)。2017年(nian)(nian)，黨(dang)的十九大(da)報告提出(chu)(chu)，保(bao)(bao)持(chi)(chi)土(tu)地(di)(di)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)穩(wen)(wen)定并長(chang)(chang)(chang)久不(bu)變(bian)，第(di)二輪(lun)土(tu)地(di)(di)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)到(dao)期(qi)后再延(yan)(yan)長(chang)(chang)(chang)30年(nian)(nian)，給農(nong)民吃上了(le)長(chang)(chang)(chang)效“定心丸”。2023年(nian)(nian)開始(shi)，農(nong)村(cun)第(di)二輪(lun)土(tu)地(di)(di)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)相繼到(dao)期(qi)，今后5年(nian)(nian)是高峰期(qi)。《決定》提出(chu)(chu)，有(you)序推進第(di)二輪(lun)土(tu)地(di)(di)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)到(dao)期(qi)后再延(yan)(yan)長(chang)(chang)(chang)30年(nian)(nian)試點。這項(xiang)工作(zuo)涉及億(yi)萬農(nong)民切(qie)身(shen)利(li)益，政策(ce)性(xing)強，要按照中(zhong)央(yang)有(you)關(guan)(guan)政策(ce)要求，堅持(chi)(chi)“大(da)穩(wen)(wen)定、小(xiao)調整(zheng)”，因(yin)地(di)(di)制宜(yi)細化(hua)(hua)實化(hua)(hua)政策(ce)措施，確保(bao)(bao)絕(jue)大(da)多數農(nong)戶原(yuan)有(you)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)地(di)(di)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)(chi)穩(wen)(wen)定、順利(li)延(yan)(yan)包(bao)(bao)(bao)，保(bao)(bao)護和促進生產力發(fa)展，維護農(nong)村(cun)社會穩(wen)(wen)定。
第(di)二(er)，深化(hua)承包(bao)地“三(san)權分置”改(gai)革。實行承包(bao)地集體(ti)所有(you)權、農(nong)戶承包(bao)權、土(tu)(tu)地經(jing)營(ying)(ying)權“三(san)權分置”，是繼家庭聯產承包(bao)責任制后農(nong)村改(gai)革又(you)一次重大制度(du)(du)創新。要在依法保(bao)(bao)護集體(ti)土(tu)(tu)地所有(you)權和(he)農(nong)戶承包(bao)權的(de)前提下，平等保(bao)(bao)護土(tu)(tu)地經(jing)營(ying)(ying)權，健全農(nong)村土(tu)(tu)地流(liu)轉(zhuan)市場和(he)服務體(ti)系，完善(shan)承包(bao)地經(jing)營(ying)(ying)權流(liu)轉(zhuan)價格形成機制。要把握好土(tu)(tu)地經(jing)營(ying)(ying)權流(liu)轉(zhuan)、集中、規(gui)(gui)模(mo)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)的(de)度(du)(du)，與城鎮化(hua)進(jin)程(cheng)和(he)農(nong)村勞動力轉(zhuan)移(yi)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)相(xiang)(xiang)適(shi)應(ying)，與農(nong)業科技進(jin)步和(he)生產手段改(gai)進(jin)程(cheng)度(du)(du)相(xiang)(xiang)適(shi)應(ying)，與農(nong)業社會化(hua)服務水平提高相(xiang)(xiang)適(shi)應(ying)，因地制宜發展多(duo)種(zhong)形式適(shi)度(du)(du)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)。
第三(san)，完善農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)。家庭(ting)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)在(zai)極大調動(dong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)積極性(xing)、解放和發展農(nong)(nong)(nong)村社會(hui)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)力(li)的(de)(de)同時，也面臨經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)規(gui)(gui)模過小(xiao)、組織(zhi)化(hua)程度低(di)、與大市(shi)場(chang)銜接難等現實挑戰。當前(qian)和今后一個時期，小(xiao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)仍是我國農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)的(de)(de)基(ji)本面，必須在(zai)堅持家庭(ting)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)基(ji)礎(chu)性(xing)地(di)位前(qian)提下，以小(xiao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)為基(ji)礎(chu)、新型(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)為重點、社會(hui)化(hua)服務(wu)為支撐，構建現代農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)，解決好“誰來種地(di)”問題。一方面，要加快培育新型(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)，引導有條件有意愿(yuan)的(de)(de)小(xiao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)發展家庭(ting)農(nong)(nong)(nong)場(chang)，促進農(nong)(nong)(nong)民合作經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)，推動(dong)新型(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)扶持政策同帶動(dong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)增收掛鉤，發揮新型(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)帶動(dong)作用。另一方面，要健(jian)全(quan)便捷高效(xiao)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)社會(hui)化(hua)服務(wu)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)，在(zai)小(xiao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)基(ji)礎(chu)上促進生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)規(gui)(gui)模化(hua)、經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)現代化(hua)，將小(xiao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)引入現代農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展軌道(dao)。
第(di)四，發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)新型(xing)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)集(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。集(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)是統分結合的雙層(ceng)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)體(ti)制中的重要一層(ceng)，只有發(fa)揮好(hao)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)集(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組織“統”的功能(neng)(neng)和作(zuo)用(yong)，我國農(nong)(nong)村(cun)基本(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)制度(du)的優勢才能(neng)(neng)充分釋放(fang)和彰顯出(chu)來。發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)新型(xing)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)集(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，要適應社(she)會主義(yi)市場經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)要求(qiu)，構建產權明晰、分配合理(li)的運行機(ji)制，充分利用(yong)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)集(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)自(zi)身資(zi)源(yuan)條(tiao)件、經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)能(neng)(neng)力，因地制宜(yi)探索資(zi)源(yuan)發(fa)包、物業(ye)出(chu)租、居間服務(wu)、資(zi)產參(can)股(gu)等多樣化發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)途徑，增(zeng)強集(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)活力。發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)新型(xing)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)集(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，要實事求(qiu)是，不能(neng)(neng)層(ceng)層(ceng)下指標、搞(gao)“一刀(dao)切”，健全(quan)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)集(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)資(zi)產監管體(ti)系，嚴格控制集(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)風險，堅(jian)決遏止(zhi)新增(zeng)債(zhai)務(wu)，充分保(bao)障集(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)成員的知情權、參(can)與權、表達權、監督權，確保(bao)集(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)收(shou)益造福農(nong)(nong)民群眾。
來源：共產黨員網